1 _FA1
2 DATE 1080-1086
2 PLAC King of Danmark
1 MISC House of Estrid
Knud II den Hellige (the Holy) was born circa 1043. King of Denmark between 1080 and 1086. Married in 1082 (source: Politikens DanmarksHistorie) to Adele/Edel (aka Matilde) of Flanders (died April 1115).Knud was murdered on July 10, 1086 in Albani Church, Odense, and isburied in the crypt in St. Knud's Church, Odense. He was declared asaint in April of 1101. Adele's second marriage was to Roger Bursa deHauteville, Duke of Apulia (in Italy). Sources: 1) "Danmarks konger ogdroninger", by Kay Nielsen; 2) "Nachkommen Gorms des Alten", by S. OttoBrenner, 1964.This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto,Ontario, copyright 2006.
According to "Knuds-bogen" (Odense, 1986) "Edel" was a Countess fromFlanders. Her father was Count Robert I of Flanders. She had claim tobe a descendant of an Imperial Family (Kejserlig), as her mother's familywere descendants of the Carolinian Royal Family. Adele was named afterher father's mother, Adelissa - who was a daughter of King Robert I ofthe Franks.
After her husband Knud's murder in 1086 she moved back to Flanders tolive with her son Karl. She lived there for 5 years until she marriedRoger Bursa de Hauteville, the Duke of Apulia, circa 1091-92, who was ason of Robert Guiscard, and with him she had 3 sons. One of the,Vilhelm, succeeded his father as duke in 1111. Adele died in 1115, it isnot known exactly how old she was.
(Sources: "O.H. Toftegaards samling"; "Dahl & Engelstoft: DanskBiografisk Håndleksikon", 1920-26.)
This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto,Ontario, copyright 2006.
1 _FA1
2 DATE 1046-1074
2 PLAC King of Danmark
1 MISC House of Estrid
Succeeded Magnus 'the Good' to the throne in 1047. Svend had to fightagainst King Harald Haardraade of Norway in order to keep his throne.During his reign the church became a dominant factor in Denmark. AfterKing Svend Estridsen's death in 1074, Denmark is from time to time splitbetween his sons. The "Thing" (roughly: Parliament) in Skåne supportsKnud den Hellige ("the Holy") against whom the Jutes revolt in 1086 andKing Knud is murdered.Svend II Estridsøn f. omk 1019 (Danmarks konger og droninger af KayNielsen), Titel: Konge af Danmark, g. (1) Gunhild, g. (2) Gyde, g. (3)- -1068 (Danmarks konger og droninger af Kay Nielsen), ThoraThorbergsdatter (Arnung), g. (4) Ellisef, og Friller til SvendEstridsøn. Svend døde 28-04-1074, Søderup i Sønderjylland (Danmarkskonger og droninger af Kay Nielsen), begravet: Trefoldighedskirken iRoskilde. Konge af Danmark 1047 - 1074 Skilt fra Gunhild på grund af fornært slægtsskab (Biskoppen af Bremen).
Svend Estridsen er den enete danske konge, der er opkaldt efter sin mor.Dette utvivlsomt fordi hun som søster til Knud den Store gav Svendarveret til den danske trone. Blev født i England og fik som kristentdåbsnavn Magnus. Han voksede op i England, til trods for, at hans farUlf i 1024 blev sendt til Danmark som kong Knuds jarl. I 1026overvintrede Knud hos Ulf Jarl i Roskilde. Det kom til et opgør, og Knudlod sin svoger dræbe.
Ifølge Adam af Bremen skal Svend som ung have gjort tjeneste hos densvenske kong Arnund Jacob i samfulde 12 år. Det kan næppe være rigtigt iden forstand, at Svend var i Sverige så længe uden afbrydelser, da hanifølge andre kilder jævnligt var i kamp med Magnus den Gode fra 1042-47og derefter med Harald Haarderaade frem til 1050. Under disse kampe kanSvend "saa tit han blev besejret" have søgt tilflugt hos den svenskekonge.
Omend med besvær, og stadig truet af Harald Hårderåde, blev SvendEstridsen omsider konge over et rige, der omfattede Sønderjylland (ihvert fald til Slien), Nørrejylland, Fyn, Sjælland og øerne, samt Skåne,Halland og muligvis Bornholm. Det sidste slag mellem Svend og HaraldHårderåde udkæmpedes til søs i 1062. De norrøne skjalde besang siden kongHaralds sejr; men den fulgtes et par år efter af en fredsslutning, somskulle blive varig. Begge konger skulle beholde de lande, de nu havde.Dette kan have passet svenskerne godt, eftersom et samlet dansk-norskrige kunne true svensk selvstændighed.
Fred i riget, men ikke fred på den private front. Tidligt blev Svend giftmed en norsk jarledatter, Gunhild. Hun fødte en søn, som også blev kaldtSvend; men han døde som ung. Om ægteskabet med Gunhild skriver Adam fraBremen, at Svend i overmod tog en blodsbeslægtet til hustru. Dette varkorrekt: Gunhild var oldebarn af af Svends mormor, Svend Tveskægsdronning Gunhild, i dennes første ægteskab med den svenske kong ErikSejrsæl. Et sådant ægteskab var ugyldigt efter kirkeretten. Følgeligkræver ærkebiskop Adalbert af Hamburg-
Bremen ægteskabet opløst under trussel om bandlysning af kongen, somifølge Adam bliver rasende og truer med at hærge Hamburg. Pave Leo 9.intervenerede, og Svend Estridsen opgav sit ægteskab - indgik aldrigsiden et nyt. Men fik med flere forskellige kvinder mange børn.Det fremgår af Adams værk, at han i vid udstrækning har ladet sig belæreaf kongen, såvel vedrørende danernes historie, som om tilstande ogtildragelser blandt fjerntboende folkeslag. Svend roses for at haveudbredt kristendommen, og har således været åndeligt veludrustet til sinrolle i det storpolitiske spil imellem de tre magtfaktorer: paven,kejseren og ærkebiskoppen af Hamburg-Bremen. "Boglige kundskaber" kanmeget vel betyde, at kong Svend har kunnet læse, hvad Sven Aggesen ogsåsynes at bekræfte. Det har nok været usædvanligt for datidens verdslige,og dermed også konger; hvorfor det fremhæves af Adam, Sven Aggesen ogpaven.
Svend Estridsens regering er kildemæssigt en dunkel periode. Adam afBremens beretning og nogle pavebreve er stort set de eneste lyspunkter.
Svend var konge i Danmark fra 1047 til 1074. Han havde mangebesværligheder i sin tidligste ungdom, idet Olav den Helliges søn, Magnusden Gode, der 12 år gammel var blevet konge i Norge i 1036, efter kongHardeknuds død i 1042 tog magten i Danmark.
Svend var opdraget først hos kong Anund Jacob i Sverige og siden iEngland, og efter tilbagekomst til Danmark blev han jarl under Hardeknud(1018-42) og Magnus den Gode (1024-1047).
Han kæmpede en del mod den norske Magnus der havde erobret tronen, menblev ustandselig slået. Men så dør Magnus pludselig i 1047 kun 24 årgammel - det siges, at han styrter med sin hest - og Svend bliver nuvalgt til konge. Han hjalp kirken med at få et solidt fodfæste i landet.Han prøvede at få landet fri af Bremer-kirkens overhøjhed, men detlykkedes ikke, uanset en del af biskopperne var engelske.
Danmark blev hjemsøgt af den norske kong Harald, og ved slaget iNisselven i Halland 1062 blev Svend slået, dog uden at Harald fik nogetud af det. I England prøvede Svend flere generobrings-togter, men udenstørre held.
Hans privatliv var var en saga for sig. S. Otto Brenner opregner i sitværk: 'Nachkommen Gorms des Alten' ialt 18 børn, såvel drenge som piger,og vi ved, at 5 af drengene bliver konger.
Han dør i Søderup 'efter afholdt velbesøgt ting', antagelig sønderjysklandsting på det nærliggende Urnehoved. Han var en intilligent ogvidende mand - at dømme efter Adam af Bremens interview omkring 1070.
(Kilde: Dahl & Engelstoft: Dansk Biografisk Håndleksikon. 1920-26)
(Kilde: Salmonsens Konversations Leksikon, 2' udg. 1915-1930)
(Kilde: H V Gregersen: Toldsted ved Hærvejen. 1978)
(Henv.: Gregersen -> Knytlingasaga)
(Henv.: Gregersen -> Saxo)
(Kilde: O.H. Toftegaards samling)Fra Steen Thomsens database dec 1997
1 MISC Emigrated to Canada
1 MISC Emigrated to Canada
Elene's Banana Bread2 cups flour
2 teaspoons baking powder
2 teaspoons baking soda
1/2 teaspoon salt
3/4 teaspoon nutmeg
1/2 cup butter
1-3/4 cups brown sugar
2 large eggs
2 cups mashed over ripe bananas
1 tablespoon concentrated lemon juice
3/4 cup chopped walnuts and/or raisonsMix flour, baking powder, baking soda, salt and nutmeg. Cream butter,add brown sugar and stir until smooth; add eggs one at a time, stirringuntil creamy. Mash bananas and mix in lemon juice. Gradually add flourmixture to butter-brown sugar mixture, alternating with banana-lemonmash; ending with flour mixture. Add chopped walnuts and/or raisons.Butter and flour a loaf pan and pour batter into pan. Bake for 1 hour to1 hour and 15 minutes at 325 degrees Fahrenheit.
This database has been researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen,Toronto, Ontario, copyright 2006.
It has been made available for non-commercial, individual use. Pleaserespect the fact that I have put thousands (1,000s) of hours of research,translation, and data-entry into building this database and do NOT uploadmy GEDCOM to any internet library service, or commercial or volunteerGEDCOM database provider without my knowledge. As genealogy is anongoing pursuit, this database is constantly being revised; in order toupdate it I need to be in control of its distribution. I ask you torespect this requirement. E-mail: NormanMadsen@compuserve.com
The following is to explain the terms used and the choices I have made inputting this database together:
Much of the material on my mother's Bornholmer ancestry has been providedto me by two people: my grand-uncle Vilhelm Svendsen (1896-1980) and mycousin's husband Alex Larsen (b.1951). Vilhelm Svendsen did much groundbreaking research on my mother's mother's family. As well as doinggenealogy research himself, Alex has pulled together extensive amounts ofexisting, published material available almost exclusively through theBornholm Genealogy Society. The background material has mostly beentranslated by my mother: Elene Marie Lau.
On my father's side of the family, most of the material is the result ofmy own research efforts, also from some existing family records (i.e.past family genealogists), and my third-cousin Marlene Bruun (who has adegree in Danish history). In my research I am indebted to the Mormon'sFamily History Library in Salt Lake City, UT, and the wonderful (andcheap) service they provide with their local Family History Centers. Ihave made use of micro-film copies of parish registers, census, andmilitary levying rolls.
Although I have tried to be as accurate as possible, of course thisdatabase is not without errors. Most especially for individuals not inour (that being: Norman Madsen, Alex Larsen, Lis Anna Lindberg, MarleneBruun) direct family-lines, check the published sources cited or go tothe original source material.
The Bornholm sources chiefly used include:
"Østerlarsker Slægter" by Vilhelm Svendsen (published 1942-59); "FamilienKoefoed A og B" by Julius Bidstrup (pub. 1886-87); "På Spor af de FørsteKofod'er" by Jørn Klindt (pub. 1979); "1000 Aner til en Skovgårdsslægt"by Edvard Fabricius Sonne Skovgaard (pub. 1989); "Af Oluf KoefoedsEfterslægt" by Louise Skovgaard (pub. 1976); "Slægten Low-Lov-Lou" byElsa Lau; "Pihl (Piil) - Slægten på Bornholm" by Flemming Jørgensen; and"Kjøllerslægterne" by Margit Tobberup (pub. 1980). Also of great valueare Bornholm's published genealogical reference material: "KuresGårdejerfortegnelser" which documents the ownership of Bornholm's farmsover the centuries; and the multi-volume historical publication"Bornholmske Samlinger"; the writings of the respected Bornholm historianDr. M.K. Zarthmann (published in the 1930s). Plus to a lesser extent anumber of others, which are cited along with the individual to which theypertain. Also, via the Danish Demographic Database (DDD), I have oncomputer disk, the complete 1787 and 1845 census of Bornholm.In addition to christening and burial, other information fields are:
Fact Field #1: Chief Occupation (with original Danish term in brackets);
Fact Field #2: Title (i.e. Major, Corporal, Reeve, Mayor);
Fact Field #3: Residence, and date (purchased, inherited, leased);
Fact Field #4: Miscellaneous (secondary employment, other residences,and pertinent miscellaneous facts).I have used the three additional letters in the Danish alphabet: Æ æ, Øø and Å å. In the old alphabet, pre-1900, the letter "å" was written as"aa"; in the past "ø" was written as "ö". These can be made on acomputer key-board (set for the English language) by holding down the Altkey while pressing a series of 3 or 4 numbers: Alt 146 for Æ; Alt 145for æ; Alt 0216 = Ø; Alt 0248 = ø; Alt 143 = Å; Alt 134 = å; Alt 153= Ö; and Alt 148 = ö.
Names and Places:
I have used standard modern Danish spelling for Danish place names (i.e.København NOT Copenhagen - an English spelling of a German name for aDanish city; also Klemensker not Clemens, Danmark not Denmark, etc.). Ithink this will make it easier to find the correct place on maps mostpeople would have access to. Also, in Danmark the names Jørgen and Sørenare always spelled with the letter "ø" never "o". Note, I have usedSchweiz instead of Switzerland, Norge for Norway, Sverige for Sweden, etc.I have used the word "note" in the Reference Number field to provide aquick indicator as to whether or not there is background materialprovided in the Notes field. The most information will be found underthose people who are among my own ancestors, although this is not alwaystrue. The code-letters (i.e. MA) are my own codes for keeping track ofmy own ancestral lines.
Included in this database are the names of over 100 known emigrants tothe U.S. and Canada. They date mainly from the mid- to late-1800's.These people are noted with the term "Emigrated to . . . ." provided inFact Field #6: Miscellaneous.
Danmark changed from using the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendaron February 19, 1700 - that day became March 1, 1700. In other words tendays disappeared from that year! With regards to the dates used herein:in my own research I have taken the dates as they appear in the originalparish records.
For hundreds of years the Danes used the patronymic style of naming;meaning people's names include the fact that they were the son ordaughter of their father. For example, if Niels Larsen had a son henamed Jens, then his son would have been known as Jens Nielsen (adaughter would be Nielsdatter). The Danes used the patronymic suffix"-sen" and "-datter", while the Swedes used "-son" and "-dotter"; anyoneof Danish heritage, born in Danmark would have written their name endingwith "-sen" or "-datter." The noble and upper class families, and thedescendants of immigrants, had long had surnames associated with them(i.e. names that did not end in "-sen", like: Lund, Kofoed, Hvass, Bohn,etc.) Those names might indicate where a person was from (i.e. Lund,which means "woods or grove"), or a family attribute (i.e. Ravn, whichmeans "raven", the person probably had black hair), or an occupation(i.e. Smed). Pre-1800s the "extra" surname of a man of the lower classeswould not necessarily be handed down to his children - they might ormight not take on their own.
The ordinary, lower class Danes began to take fixed (inherited) surnames(using the "-sen" only, and ceasing to use "-datter"), starting in thelarger cities, around 1800; this gradually spread to rural areas. Itbecame the law sometime around 1880. During this confusing period oftransition you will often find that, taking the above example, NielsLarsen had a daughter: Birthe, christened as Birta Nielsdatter (say in1800), but her marriage record (in 1825) might give her name as BirtheLarsen (or Nielsen). And finally, say her husband's name was JensRasmussen, then her death record (in 1875) might give her name as BirteRasmussen (and possibly mentioning her birth surname).
On the pronunciations of Danish names:
When a word ends with an "e", the Danes generally pronounce the "e" as an"ah" sound, i.e. Anne is pronounced Anna. Danes have a difficult timemaking the "th" sound - it comes out sound like "t", i.e. Marthe ispronounced Marta, and Thor is pronounced Tor. The letters "d" and "g",when within the body of a word, are generally silent, i.e. Anders ispronounced Aners, Mads is pronounced Mas, and Mogens is pronounced Mons(which is also how it is often spelled).Old-style Danish use of the alphabet:
In the older Danish records your will find that certain letters were usedinterchangably: "b" and "p", i.e. Ibsen/Ipsen; "d" and "g", i.e.Bendt/Bengt; "ch" and "k", i.e. Christine/Kristine; "i" and "j", i.e.Giertrud/Gjertrud; "f" and "ph", i.e. Christoffer/Christopher; "e" and"æ", i.e. Berild/Bærild; "s" and "z", i.e. Laurits/Lauritz; "v" and "w",i.e. Vilhelm/Wilhelm.In this database the spelling of name has been standardized. This helpsto avoid duplicating people: as censuses and published genealogicalsources will cite varying spellings for the same person's name. In thepast the spelling of names was unofficial and very fluid; the clergymanor clerk recording an event would spell a name in what ever form hethought appropriate - this varied widely. As a result, I have decided touse one spelling for some names: Anne rather than Anna, and Kirstinerather than Kierstina, etc. Variations on the surname Kofoed are: Kofod,Koffod, Koefod, and Koefoed. In the older records, from the 1400-1500s,its spelling is influenced by old low-German (for example: Köfföth andKaafodt). Originally the accepted spelling was: Kofod. Around 1570 thespelling: Kofoed, became dominant. The spelling: Koefoed, was firstintroduced in the 1700s.
There are many myths and errors concerning the Kofoed'er on Bornholm.The widespread circulation of such books as "Familien Kofoed A og B", byJulius Bidstrup (mainly through the IGI), has only served to perpetuatethose errors. The book "På Spor af de Første Kofod'er" by Jørn Klindt(published 1979) is a scholarly examination, which tries to clear up themany errors surrounding this families genealogy. An early genealogistnamed C. Giessing (writing in 1786) tells of an Arnfred Kofod, who wasamong the Norman noblemen who accompanied William the Conqueror when hesailed to England in 1063. It is thought that the ancestors of theKofoed'er of Bornholm originated from the area around Hamburg (Duchy ofHolstein). That they were Hanseatic League merchants; during the1400-1500s their merchants spread east from there along the north Balticcoast-line of present day Germany and Poland. They also spread up theJylland peninsula into Schleswig and Danmark, and of course to Bornholm.
For those individuals for whom there was NO precise information as to thedate of their birth I have given them an "About" or "Before" birth date.I have done this to better fix them in the time period that they lived,as I have found giving no time period at all confusing and thus moremisleading than no estimate at all. I have used all available evidenceto as accurately pinpoint birth periods as possible.
On Bornholm there were three classes of farms:
1) Proprietairgård (Propr.): a freehold estate (thus also called aFrigård), which could only be owned by a freeman (frimand) or a member ofthe nobility (adelsmand).2) Selvejergård (Slg.): meaning a farm owned independently, free ofobligations to an estate owner - it could be occupied by its owner orleased to a peasant farmer (bonde).
3) Vornedegård (Vdg.), two types: a) the first type was part of anestate (i.e. connected to a proprietairgård), the peasants who lived onthem were tenants and were obliged to provide labor, known as the"Herlighedsright" (Glory-right), to the owner of the estate; b) the othertype was referred to as a "Fri Vornedegård", this type of farm was notconnected to an estate and was free of the labor obligation - could beowned by a freeman and leased to a peasant.
A map drawn in 1851 shows 17 estate-farms classified as Proprietair: 3in each of Åker, Ibsker and Nyker parishes; 2 each in Østermarie andKlemensker; and 1 each in Pedersker, Bodilsker, Østerlars, and Olsker.There were hundreds of farms comprising the other two classifications.The typical farm is arranged in a joined U shape, with the farmhouse,barn, pig-stall, and utility-shed all built around a cobble-stonecourtyard. As an aid in compiling this database I have used areproduction of the Bornholm map drawn in 1851, which I purchased at theRønne Museum, Bornholm. It shows the placement of farms, giving theirnames, number and classification. Those interested in obtaining this mapcould write to the museum.
In the past most people in Danmark lived on the land, working on thefarms. So you will often find the term "Bonde" used in describing aman's occupation. I have translated this as meaning "Peasant Farmer",although you would probably find most Scandinavians would say that thebonde did not have the deprived status of other European peasants. To acertain extent this is true, however: they lived hard, poor lives withfew personal freedoms. Although, both men and women had firmlyentrenched property and inheritance rights. Bornholm has its own"special" rules for who inherited the "copyhold rights" to the familyfarm: it is to go to the youngest son! The other children could not beleft out, the inheritor had to pay for the farm out of his share of theestate.
Only five percent of Danmark's populace belonged to the nobility. Therewas little division between upper and lower nobility. The growth of thenobility has been limited; as laws specified which children of thenobility inherited their parents' status. Also, noble-title was awardedon an individual basis by the Danish crown; although, of course, thoseborn into privileged families had tradition and inheritance weighing intheir favour.
In the middle-ages the peasants had been declared "vornedskabe" (bound),this meant that the descendants of tenured peasants could be forced tostay on the "vornedegaard" they were working, and it gave the owner ofthe farms the right to recall a dead peasant's heir to take over workingthe land. By the 1500s those tenured peasants who lived on manor-ownedfarms worked off a portion of their taxes by service in the manor'sfields.
Since the time of Christian VI (reigned 1730-1746) the peasants had been"adscript"; which meant that, partly in order to assure the existence ofa permanent, stable labour force, and partly to facilitate militaryconscription, all men living in rural areas who were descendants oftenured peasants were declared adscript and were forced to remain livingon the same estate, or within the same district, for the entire period oftime during which they were liable for military service.
As Prince Regent, Frederik VI (ascended to the thrown in 1808) had beenresponsible for major reforms, such as freeing the serfs, abolishing theStavsbaand law - which had tied the peasants to the landed estates, andpromoting trade and education. School attendance became compulsory in1814, elementary schools were established and children between the agesof seven and fourteen were required to attend. Now the common farmingpeople were allowed to live wherever they liked, and at the same timetheir relationship to land-owners and to the state was normalized.
Most peasants became tenured copyholders, in other words, a farmer oftenheld a copyhold on the farm he rented so that his son could take it overfrom him at his death. Under certain circumstances a landowner mighttransfer a farmer from a good farm to one that had been neglected inorder that he might re-develop it. A freehold land-owner was known as a"Selvejer"; an upper class property-owner was a "Proprietær", or furtherup the social ladder a "Godsejer" (Squire). After the abolishment ofserfdom the farming descendants of "Bonde" (bound peasants) were knownsimply as farmers (in Danish "Gårdmand", later "Udbygger", "Avlsmand",and "Avlsbruger"), a man who owned his farm was known as a "Gårdejer".
As part of the rent, known as "manorial dues" was worked off by thefarmer on the land belonging to a manor or to the state; this often meanneglecting his own harvest, although the local Squire naturally was notinterested in the farmer's being obliged to neglect his own land to suchan extent that he ended up being unable to meet his rent. It was nowdecreed by law that farmers could buy their own farms and land, and atthe same time agricultural methods generally were revolutionized. Theway rural settlements were organized had not really altered since theMiddle Ages. Peasants lived closely side by side in small villages andhad "co-operated" ever since ancient times. All land belonging to thevillage was cultivated by the community as a whole and in accordance withdecisions made by the peasants themselves at their village "Thing"meetings. But now, each peasant was given the opportunity ofconsolidating his various fields into one whole. Many farms thus movedfrom the village out to the land, whereby the entire Danish landscapebegan to alter in appearance.
In Danmark, a person did not become a citizen (borger) by virtue of beingborn in a place. Citizenship was a valuable privilege that included: theright to engage in business in a community; rights and protections underthe law; permission to reside in a community without being expelled.Citizenship was extended by individual communities to some of theirinhabitants, primarily those who were engaged in business and trade, anddid not pertain to citizenship in the country as a whole. Until thetwentieth century, only males of the middle and upper classes, mostlymerchants and tradesmen, were granted citizenship.
The Reformation penetrated the Scandinavian countries in the early1500s. The introduction of Protestantism was supported by merchants andpeasants, and by devout priests who had become followers of MartinLuther. King Frederik I (reigned 1523-1533), who became quite religiousin his later years, strongly promoted the establishment of the LutheranChurch. He allowed the leading Danish religious reformer, Hans Tavsen,to preach in the church at Viborg and ordered many Catholic churches inthe region destroyed, despite violent protests. It was King ChristianIII (reigned 1534-1559), son of Frederik I, who established the stateLutheran Church in Danmark. With the support of the Rigsrad - hisadvising council of lay members - the king ordered all Catholic propertyturned over to the crown, and declared the Lutheran Church the nationalchurch of Danmark with the king as its head. From 1660 to 1849, a periodof absolute monarchy in Danmark, all Danes were compelled to profess theLutheran faith.
On the expansion of Danish territory:
Under King Valdemar II, reigned 1202-1241, the kingdom reached itsgreatest size. He conquered Pomerania, Estonia, and parts ofMecklenburg; was sovereign over all of Danmark, the south-western coastof the Svensk/Swedish peninsula, and had dominion over the entire Balticcoast-line. The Union of Kalmar, in 1397, united the kingdoms of"Danmark, Sverige, og Norge" for 126 years.On the losses of Danish territories:
The Swedes declared war on Danmark in 1643, invaded Jylland and Skåne andon June 29, 1644 defeated the Danish fleet. In the resulting "Peace ofBrömsebro" of 1645, Danmark ceded to Sverige/Sweden the islands Ösel andGotland, the provinces Jämtland, Härjedalen and Halland - the latter forthirty years (however, it was never returned). Later Skåne, Blekinge,and Bohus, all Danish provinces for 500 years, were lost to Sverige as aresult of the "Peace of Roskilde", signed in 1658. The territory ofSkåne now comprises the counties (läns) of Malmöhus and Kristianstad.The Hanseatic League and its relationship to Danmark:
The Hansa was an association of medieval Germanic cities and merchantgroups which became a powerful economic and political force in northernEurope. With a center for meetings in the city of Lübeck, the membersestablished an important network of Baltic trade, and a string ofcommercial bases stretching from Novgorod to London and from Bergen toBruges. Its earliest union dates to 1241, when Lübeck and Hamburg madeagreements for mutual defense in trading; the first meeting of the "Diet"in 1256 included: Lübeck, Hamburg, Lünenburg, Wismar, Rostock, andStralsund; later other towns joined the league.Lübeck is located on two small streams connecting with Lübeck Bay. Ithas five 13-14th century Gothic churches, a Gothic town hall, and a 13thcentury hospital. Founded in 1143 by the Count of Holstein; it was takenby Henry the Lion in 1158. Lübeck secured final privileges of anImperial free-city in 1226, and became leading center for medieval Germantrade in Baltic region and the "Queen of Hanse". It began its declinefrom power in the 16th century.
The league reached the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centurieswhen it contributed to the defeat of Valdemar IV of Danmark in 1367-68,and secured control of Baltic trade by "Peace of Stralsund" in 1370.Including such widely separated places as: Novgorod, Reval, Riga, Danzig(Gdánsk), Magdeburg, Cologne, Bruges, and London; and gave tradingprivileges to merchants of many other towns. In its heyday during the14th century the Hansa included well over 100 towns; its influencegradually faded with the emergence of powerful competitor states. Thelast meeting of the "Diet" was held in Lübeck in 1669. The term"Hanseatic town" was retained by Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen as long asthey were imperial free-cities.
That the Hansa had a strong influence over Bornholm can be seen in afable dating back to the late 1300s. Lübeck had long had an aggressivehistory of attacking Danish territory, once even sacking København andstealing off with the city's bells! In 1362 the Mayor (Burgomester) ofLübeck, Johann Wittenborg, was in charge of a Hansa fleet whichdisastrously lost a battle with Danmark. This entirely unathenticatedfable relates that Wittenborg had betrayed his trust in return for adance with the Queen of Danmark, promising to her as a reward the islandof Bornholm. That the fable has some basis in truth is proven by thefact that for a long while there survived in Lübeck the expression, "Heis dancing away Bornholm," when some one light-heartedly did anunjustifiable deed. The Lübeck'ers exacted revenge against Wittenborgfor their humiliation: they executed him in the town's square!
The Danish king, Erik VII, built a stronghold at Elsinore, over-lookingthe only sea going access to the Baltic Sea, and in 1426 began to levyduties on all passing ships. The Baltic cities allied themselves withDuke Henry III of Holstein and declared war on Danmark. They did notstrike at once, but delayed until 1427, when they sent out a fleet underseveral commanders, who quarreled among themselves. They plundered andravaged the unprotected islands of Ærø, Møn, Falster, and Bornholm; andthen attacked Flensburg, where during a night attack Henry III lost hislife, which caused the Hanseatic fleet to abandon the siege and sail away.
In 1509 Danmark and Lübeck were engaged in another one of their numerousskirmishes. The Danes had a famous battleship called the "Svane"(English: Swan) - which was reputed to be the largest and most powerfulin the world; but the Lübeck'ers in several small vessels surprised,attacked and destroyed it. After this victory a fleet of 14 Lübeck shipsravaged the Danish islands and did much damage to Danish shipping. NineSwedish ships joined them, and the combined fleet almost ruined Lollandand Bornholm.
Later, in the summer of 1509, a great naval battle took place between 16Lübeck men-of-war and 17 Danish ships of about equal size and strength.One of the latter was a new vessel, the "Engel" (English: Angel), largerthan the unlucky Svane had been. The Lübeck'ers had landed some of theirguns and men to attack the fortress of Hammershus, on the northern tip ofBornholm, when the Danish fleet appeared, quite unexpectedly, andattacked at once. The battle lasted all day, and at night both sidesclaimed the victory. Some days later the fight was resumed, when, afterseveral hours of fierce contest, the Engel had her rudder shot away andwas taken in tow by her companions, and the whole Danish fleet fled.
King Christian II made himself so unpopular that his subjects rebelledand the nobles offered his brother Frederik, Duke of Holstein, thecrown. He accepted and agreed to confirm all of Lübeck's ancientprivileges if they would assist him gain the thrown. In 1523 they sentan army of merchantmen and besieged København, forcing Christian II toflee.
Because of King Frederik I's inability to pay debts owed to the"Lybækkerne" he was forced to forfeited the control of Bornholm to Lübeckfor 50 years, starting circa 1525. The natives of Bornholm are recordedto have groaned under the Hansa's rule, and declared "they would ratherbe under the Turks, than under the German, Christian, imperialfree-city." King Frederik took pity on them and declared the inhabitantsto be under his protection - this was to little avail though.
During those long years the island had been considered theQueen-city-of-the-Hansa's special possession; they had made much profitfrom the enforced payment of dues, and the export of such valuablecommodities as limestone. Poul Kofoed (before 1520-before 1584) wasappointed by King Frederik II to negotiate back control of the island.Also, he was to sit in mediation between the Lübeck Governor SvederKatting and the citizens of Bornholm; this meeting was held on December1, 1572 at the home of Poul Kofoed in Østermarie parish.
A sign of Lübeck's waning powers can be seen in the actions of KingFrederik II concerning Bornholm. First the Lübeck governor was formallyejected by København, then the inhabitants of Bornholm, encouraged ininsubordination by seeing how the authorities in København dealt withtheir masters, refused to pay their dues. Finally, one of the towns evenforcibly ejected some Lübeck traders. An ominous sign of things to comeare reflected in Frederik's opposition to any mention of Bornholm duringpeace treaties.
On September 7, 1575, Frederik II informed Lübeck, "that the fifty years'possession, accorded to them by his grandfather, would have expired onthe 19th of the month, and he intended to retake possession of theisland." The city replied that the Peace of Hamburg extended theirrights of possession which they held for unpaid Danish debts. Frederikreplied the treaty was invalid since his father, who had made it, was notcrowned at the time, and he himself had not been consulted in thematter. Complain as they might the Lübeck'ers had neither the power northe ability to stop the take over.
1 MISC Kjøllergård, 35 Slg. Klemensker, Bornholm
From the 1787 census of Klemensker parish:
35 Slg.: Hans Svensen, Husbonde, 44, gift, Bonde og Nat. Soldat; MagretaMogensdatter, Madmoder, 56, gift; their children: Jørgen Hansen, 18, Nat.Soldat; Mogens Hansen, 17; Svend Hansen, 14; Kirstien Magreta Hansdatter,8. Also: Kirstine Jørgensdatter, mandens moder, 68, enke efter 1stægteskab. And the following servants: Pouls Hansen, 10; MagretaLarsdatter, 19; Boel Hansdatter, 15.Note that the census gives his mother's name as "Kirstine Jørgensdatter",while according to the book "Kjöllerslægterne" by Margit Tobberup(published in 1980) she was the daughter of the Pastor Oluf FrandsenToxverd in Østerlars parish.
This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto,Ontario, copyright 2006.
1 MISC Kjøllergård, 35 Slg. Klemensker, Bornholm
From the 1787 census of Klemensker parish:
35 Slg.: Hans Svensen, Husbonde, 44, gift, Bonde og Nat. Soldat; MagretaMogensdatter, Madmoder, 56, gift; their children: Jørgen Hansen, 18, Nat.Soldat; Mogens Hansen, 17; Svend Hansen, 14; Kirstien Magreta Hansdatter,8. Also: Kirstine Jørgensdatter, mandens moder, 68, enke efter 1stægteskab. And the following servants: Pouls Hansen, 10; MagretaLarsdatter, 19; Boel Hansdatter, 15.Note that the census gives his mother's name as "Kirstine Jørgensdatter",while according to the book "Kjöllerslægterne" by Margit Tobberup(published in 1980) she was the daughter of the Pastor Oluf FrandsenToxverd in Østerlars parish.
This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto,Ontario, copyright 2006.
1 MISC Øster Åbygård, 23 Slg. Nyker, Bornholm
Svend Jørgensen's uncle Hans Svendsen died childless, probate after hisdeath was held on December 9, 1720; after it had been announced "all overthe Land of Bornholm". The prefect Johan von Bippen came himself topreside over the opening of the sealed chests and cupboards - somethingthat attests to the importance of this probate. It lasted - with shortinteruptions - until December 20.Since Hans Svendsen had no children, both of his nephews were incontention for his farm: Kjøllergård. And as both were past 30 yearsold, they both wished to be able to obtain property of their own. Onenephew, Hans Jørgensen, had been running Øster Åbygård for his mother,but she had recently become engaged to a man only 10 years older than herson. As he could not write his own name, he retained the serve of notarypublic Johan Holst of Rønne, who accompanied Hans to the probate hearings.
Svend, who knew how to read and write, was already managing VesterHullegård, 22 Slg. Nyker, for in 1712 he had married the widow living onthat farm: Bodil Mogensdatter. As well, being the youngest son, he hadbeen designated the heir of Øster Åbygård after the death of his father,Jørgen Svendsen, in 1718; but not before the death of his mother would hebe able to take over the farm. Furthermore, if his own wife Bodil shouldpass away, he would have to leave Vester Hullegård, along with his threechildren - as the farm belonged to the children from Bodil's firstmarriage. Discussing this during the hearing, Johan Holst sarcasticallynotes that Bodil did not look very frail at all, but Svend was right tosay that he did not know how long she would live.
The two brothers quickly found a solution to their dilemna: on January27, 1721, they signed an agreement, which transferred to Hans Jørgensenthe rights to the family-farm, Øster Åbygård, after the passing of theirmother. Svend thus became the owner of Kjøllergård immediately, and fromthat time would take on the additional surname of Kjøller. That sameyear his brother Hans Jørgensen married the young widow KirstenWefstdatter of Brøddegård, 4 Slg. Rø, and moved there to manage it;sadly, he died the next year. Svend inherited 200 Silverdalers from hisbrother, and the rights to Øster Åbygård reverted back to Svend - whichhe inherited after the death of his mother in 1729.
Probate after his wife Bodil Mogendatter's death was held on March 12,1737 for 35 Slg. Kjøllergård in Klemensker, the farm was valued at 347Silverdalers and 1 Mark.
Svend Jørgensen Kjøller's second marriage was to Kirstine OlufsdatterToxverd (aka: Togsværd), with whom he had six children. Probate afterSvend's death was held on May 3, 1756 for Kjøllergård. His widowKirstine was awarded the right to stay on at the farm, as on her death in1806 probate was held on Kjøllergård; at that time it was estimated to beworth 500 Silverdalers. The net cash worth of their belongings was setat 1,431 Silverdalers, 2 Marks, and 13 Skillings; among which was quite abit of pewter and silverware, 17 dinner plates, a silver bowl, mug andfive silver teapsoons. Probate awarded inheritance rights to theyoungest son from his second marriage, namely Hans Svendsen Kjøller;however, Hans would die that same year.
Svend took on the surname "Kjøller" from his ownership of the farm ofthat name; he was not a descendant of Claus Kjøller. Many have borrowedthe name of "Kjøller" after having some connection to one of the"Kjøllergårdene" (Kjøller farms). However it is only from Claus Kjøller(circa 1595-1666) that descend all genuine Kjøllers of Bornholm (thosebeing the Bornholmer descendants of Claus Köller). Claus Kjøller's sonshad the following farms: Hans inherited Kjøllergård, 13 Slg. Ibsker;the other three sons' farms were all named "Kjøllergård" as well: Jeppe,the 2 Slg. in Rø parish; Rasmus, the 35 Slg. in Bodilsker parish;Mogens, the 39 Slg. in Østermarie parish.
From the Nyker kirkebog:
March 16, 1712: Onsdagen den 16 Martij blef ind viet i echteschab SvendJørgensøn og Boel Mognsdatter.November 27, 1712: Dom. 1' Advent den 27 November blef døbt SvendJørgensøns barn kaldet Peder, ham bar til daaben Karen Jens Pedersens paaKyndegaard. Faddere: Claus Tørchelsens datter Dorthea, Kirsten MogensPedersens i Knudskier Sogn, Jørgen Svendsøn.
April 11, 1714: Onsdagen den 11 April blef døbt Svend Jørgensøns barnkaldet Anna, hende bar til daaben Elzebeth Hans Hansens. Faddere:Leuitenant Hans Giødich, Hans Bentzøn, Hans Jørgensøn. Pigefaddere:Karen Hans Torsens datter, Dorethea Anders Nielsens.
February 14, 1717: Blef døbt Svend Jørgensens datter kaldet Karen, hendebar til daaben Præstens Hr. Hansis kiereste, namblig Madame ElisabethSophia Holch. Faddere: Jens Lesler, Hans Svendsen af Clemmedsker Sogn,Andris Fransen fra Rønne, Lars Wefstesen, Hans Hansens datter Anniche.
Extracted from the probate for Svend Jørgensen Kjøller, May 3, 1756, page444b:
Salig Svend Jørgensen som boede og døde paa dend 35' Selvejergaard iClemmendsker Sogn Kiøllergaarden kaldet. . . . det imellem denne saligmands efterlevende enke Madame Ollufsdaatter Togsverd som til laug værgehafde antaget Hr. Fendrich Jørgen Edvardsen Sonne boende paa dend 10'Vornedegaard Biørnegaarden kaldet paa Clemmendsker Sogn, paa dend eeneside og paa dend anden side denne salig mands efterladte børn nemlig afførste ægteskab 3 børn, som er 1 søn og 2 døttre. Sønnen ved nafn PederSvendsen boende paa dend 23' S.E. gaard i Nykker Sogn myndig og møtte.Dend eldste daatter Anne Svendsdaatter som er i ægteskab med ClausClausen boende paa dend 24' S.E. gaard i Nykker Sogn som og møtte. Dendanden daatter ved nafn Karne Svendsdaatter af første ægteskab ved nafnsom selt i ægteskab med Thor Pedersen boende paa dend 2' Selvejergaard iMelsted i Østerlarsker Sogn som møtte. Salig mand i sidste ægteskabaulet 5 børn nemlig 3 sønner og 2 døttre. Dend eldste søn ved nafnJørgen Svendsen paa 17 aar gammel, for hannem er blev til værge anordnetmyndlingens faders sødskende barns mand Bengt Hogensen boende paa dend12' S.E. gaard i Clemmendsker Sogn. Dend anden søn Ole Svendsen paa 15aar gammel, for hannem blev til værge anordnet myndlingens halvsøstermand Claus Clausen boende paa dend 24' S.E. gaard i Nykker Sogn sommøtte. Dend 3' søn Hans Svendsen paa 14 aar gammel, for hannem blev tilværge anordnet myndlingens halv søstermand Thor Pedersen boende paa dend2' S.E. gaard i Østerlarsker Sogn som møtte. Dend eldste daatter afsidste ægteskab Lisabeth Svendsdaatter, 15 aar gammel, for hende blev tilværge anordnet myndlingens faders nest sødskende barn Samsing Mogensen ogNiels Mogensen begge boende udi Rønne som og møtte. Dend anden daatterFridricke Margrethe Svendsdaatter, 2 aar gammel, for hende blev til vægeanordnet myndlingens faders halv morbroder Christen Nielsen boende iHasle som møtte.This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto,Ontario, copyright 2006.
1 MISC Spageregård grund, 4 Slg. Nylars, Bornholm
In the Rønne parish register states that on November 24, 1827 there wasthe marriage of "ungkarl og snedker, Povel Michael Lov, 22 aar gl. tilpigen Kierstine Margrethe Andersdatter, 32 aar. Forlovere var fiskerHans Hansen Lund og fisker Hans Nielsen Lou, begge af Rønne."First we can find mention of the couple in the Nylars parish register asliving on a plot of land (grund) on Spagergård, 4 Slg. Nylars parish.The Nylars parish register tells us that at Michael Hansen Lou'sconfirmation he was living with his parents "paa 33' Selvejersgårds,Tingfogedgårds, Parcel".
From the Nylars kirkebog:
1829: Født: 29 January; Døbt: 15 Marti; Elsigne Nicoline Lou.Forældere: Poul Lou, Kirstine Margrethe Andersdatter. MetteMortensdatter af 20 Slg. Langensgaards grund i Nylars. Faddere: MetteMortensdatter af 20 Slg. Klintegaards grund i Vestermarie.1833: Født 25 Marti, Døbt 28 April, Poul Michael Lou. Forældere: PoulLou, Kirstine Margrethe Andersdatter. Baaret til daaben af ChristianeJensdatter paa 21' Selvejergaards grund i Vestermarie. Faddere: KarenJensdatter, ibid., Peder Hansen, Gaardejer 20' Selvejergaard Klintegard iVestermarie; og Mahler West, Gaardejer, 4' Selvejergaard Sparregaard iNylars.
From 1834 census of Nylars parish:
Et Huus, 37' Familie: Paul Michal Lau, 29, gift, Lever af sin Jordlod;Kirstine Margrethe Andersdatter, 40, gift, hans kone; Elsine NicolineLau, 6, Ugift, deres barn; Michal Hansen Lau, 1, ugift, deres barn.From 1840 census of Nylars parish:
Et Huus: Paul Lau, 34, Gift, Han lever af sit jordelod; Stine MargretheAndersdatter, 45, Gift, Hans kone; Elsine Micoline Lau, 11, Ugift, Deresdatter; Michael Hansen Lau, 7, Ugift, Deres søn.From 1845 census of Nylars parish:
Nr. 85, et huus: Povl Lou, 40, gift, Aaker Sogn, Daglejer; KirstineMargrethe Andersdatter, 50, gift, Clemensker Sogn, hans kone; MickaelHansen Lou, 12, ugift, Nylarsker Sogn.From 1850 census of Nylars parish:
Nr. 99, et huus: Poul Lou, 43, gift, Huusejer og huusfader, Aaker Sogn,??? og Muureske; Kirstine Magrethe Andersen, 55, gift, hans kone,Clemmensker; Michael Hansen Lou, 17, ugift, Nylarsker, deres søn, MogensPedersen Bidstrup Skov, 38, ugift, Nylarsker, i loge.From 1870 census of Nylars parish:
et Huus, 4' Familie: Paul Louv, 63, Gift, Husfader, Jordbruger, AakerSogn; Kristine Margrete Louv, 76, Gift, Husmoder, Klemensker Sogn; MogensBidstrup Thorn, 58, Ugift, Bor til Leje, Nylarsker Sogn.From the Nylars kirkebog:
1876: Død 21 April, Begravet 29 April, Husmand Poul Lovs hustruChristine Margrethe Andersen er død af Alderdomssvækkelse, 81 Aar gl.Boede paa 33 Slg. Grund.This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto,Ontario, copyright 2006.